Psychological Basis
All the findings and how they relate to studies:
The finding Mental images are based on LTM is supported by the studies
What an image depicts depends on what an image means by Chambers and Reisberg 1992. What is primed in priming from imagery? by Michelon and Zacks 2003. Imagery, propositions and the form of internal representations by Kosslyn and Pomerantz 1977. Distortions in judged spatial relations by Stevens and Coupe 1978. Mental extrapolation in patterns constructed from memory by Pinker et al. 1984. Visual Mental Images in the Brain: Current Issues by Kosslyn and Shin 1994. Imagery constraints on quantitative and qualitative aspects of mental synthesis by Barquero and Logie 1999. Scanning visual mental images: a window on the mind by Denis and Kosslyn 1999.
The finding Mental images are partially interpreted is supported by the studies
Image and Mind by Kosslyn 1980. Working memory: a mental space for design and discovery by Logie 2001. Visual mental images can be ambiguous: insights from individual differences in spatial transformation abilities by Mast and Kosslyn 2002. Principles of mental imagery by Finke 1989. What an image depicts depends on what an image means by Chambers and Reisberg 1992. Imagery constraints on quantitative and qualitative aspects of mental synthesis by Barquero and Logie 1999. Imagery and artificial intelligence by Pylyshyn 1978. Can images be rotated and inspected? A test of the pictorial medium theory by Slezak 1991. When can visual images be reinterpretated? Non-chronometric tests of pictorialism by Slezak 1992. The 'philosophical' case against visual imagery by Slezak 1995.
The finding Mental images can help in extracting new knowledge is supported by the studies
Mental extrapolation in patterns constructed from memory by Pinker et al. 1984. Principles of mental imagery by Finke 1989. Spontaneous Imagery Scanning in Mental Extrapolation by Finke and Pinker 1982. Mental images can be ambiguous: reconstruals and reference-frame reversals by Peterson et al. 1992. Sketching as mental imagery processing by Kavakli and Gero 2001. The ambiguity of mental images: insights regarding the structure of shape memory and its function in creativity by Peterson 1993.
and refuted by the studies
Visual imagery can impede reasoning by Knauff and Johnson-Laird 2002.
The finding Mental images are behaviorally similar to perceptions is supported by the studies
Visual images preserve metric spatial information: Evidence from studies of image scanning by Kosslyn et al. 1978. Spatial and verbal components of the act of recall by Brooks 1968. Comparing objects in memory: Evidence suggesting an internal psychophysics by Moyer 1973. Scanning visual mental images: a window on the mind by Denis and Kosslyn 1999. Mental imagery acuity in the peripheral visual field by Finke and Kosslyn 1980. Is visual imagery really visual? Overlooked evidence from neuropsychology by Farah 1988. Common Mechanisms of Visual Imagery and Perception by Ishai and Sagi 1995. Changes in perceptual function after isolation by Doane et al. 1959. Effects of imaging on signal-to-noise ratio, with varying signal conditions by Segal and Fusella 1969. Influence of imaged pictures and sounds on detection of visual and auditory signals by Segal and Fusella 1970. Two visual systems in mental imagery: dissociation of "what" and "where" in imagery disorders due to bilateral posterior cerebral lesions by Levine et al. 1985. Emulating a visuospatial memory field using ACT-R by Lyon et al.. Visual Imagery: Effects of Short- and Long-Term Memory by Ishai and Sagi 1997. Visual Imagery Facilitates Visual Perception: Psychophysical Evidence by Ishai and Sagi 1997. Visual mental images can be ambiguous: insights from individual differences in spatial transformation abilities by Mast and Kosslyn 2002. Mental images can be ambiguous: reconstruals and reference-frame reversals by Peterson et al. 1992. Eye Scanpaths During Visual Imagery Reenact Those of Perception of the Same Visual Scence by Laeng and Teodorescu 2002. Principles of mental imagery by Finke 1989. The ambiguity of mental images: insights regarding the structure of shape memory and its function in creativity by Peterson 1993. Orienting Attention to Locations in Internal Representations by Griffin and Nobre 2003. Orienting Attention to Locations in Perceptual Versus Mental Representations by Nobre et al. 2004.
and refuted by the studies
What is primed in priming from imagery? by Michelon and Zacks 2003. Investigating the relation between imagery and perception: Evidence from face priming by Cabeza et al. 1997. Investigating dissociations among memory measures: Support for a transfer-appropriate processing framework by Blaxton 1989. Imagery and artificial intelligence by Pylyshyn 1978. Can images be rotated and inspected? A test of the pictorial medium theory by Slezak 1991. When can visual images be reinterpretated? Non-chronometric tests of pictorialism by Slezak 1992. The 'philosophical' case against visual imagery by Slezak 1995.
The finding Mental images have analogical properties is supported by the studies
Image and brain: The resolution of the imagery debate by Kosslyn 1994. Comparing objects in memory: Evidence suggesting an internal psychophysics by Moyer 1973. Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects by Shepard and Metzler 1971. Scanning visual mental images: a window on the mind by Denis and Kosslyn 1999. Visual images preserve metric spatial information: Evidence from studies of image scanning by Kosslyn et al. 1978. Image and Mind by Kosslyn 1980. Eye fixations and cognitive processes by Just and Carpenter 1976. Mental extrapolation in patterns constructed from memory by Pinker et al. 1984. A dual coding approach to perception and cognition by Paivio 1978. Visual mental images can be ambiguous: insights from individual differences in spatial transformation abilities by Mast and Kosslyn 2002. Spontaneous Imagery Scanning in Mental Extrapolation by Finke and Pinker 1982. Principles of mental imagery by Finke 1989. Visual Mental Images in the Brain: Current Issues by Kosslyn and Shin 1994.
and refuted by the studies
Return of the mental image: Are there really pictures in the brain? by Pylyshyn 2003. Analogue media versus tacit knowledge by Pylyshyn 1981. The rate of "mental rotation" of images: A test of a holistic analogue hypothesis by Pylyshyn 1979. Imagery and artificial intelligence by Pylyshyn 1978.
The finding Mental images are neurologically similar to perceptions is supported by the studies
Neural systems shared by visual imagery and visual perception: A positron emisson tomography study by Kosslyn et al. 1997. When Is Early Visual Cortex Activated During Visual Mental Imagery? by Kosslyn and Thompson 2003. Visual mental imagery activates topographically organized visual cortex: PET investigations by Kosslyn et al. 1993. Changes in perceptual function after isolation by Doane et al. 1959. Visual Mental Images in the Brain: Current Issues by Kosslyn and Shin 1994. Is visual imagery really visual? Overlooked evidence from neuropsychology by Farah 1988. Two visual systems in mental imagery: dissociation of "what" and "where" in imagery disorders due to bilateral posterior cerebral lesions by Levine et al. 1985. Principles of mental imagery by Finke 1989. Roles of imagery in perception: Or, there is no such thing as immaculate perception by Kosslyn and Sussman 1995. Scanning visual mental images: a window on the mind by Denis and Kosslyn 1999. Orienting Attention to Locations in Internal Representations by Griffin and Nobre 2003. Orienting Attention to Locations in Perceptual Versus Mental Representations by Nobre et al. 2004.
The finding Mental images can facilitate perception is supported by the studies
Visual Imagery Facilitates Visual Perception: Psychophysical Evidence by Ishai and Sagi 1997. Common Mechanisms of Visual Imagery and Perception by Ishai and Sagi 1995. Principles of mental imagery by Finke 1989.
and refuted by the studies
Influence of imaged pictures and sounds on detection of visual and auditory signals by Segal and Fusella 1970. Effects of imaging on signal-to-noise ratio, with varying signal conditions by Segal and Fusella 1969. Visual Imagery: Effects of Short- and Long-Term Memory by Ishai and Sagi 1997.
The finding Working memory has limited capacity is supported by the studies
Mental animation: Inferring motion from static displays of mechanical systems by Hegarty 1992. The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information by Miller 1956. Working memory: The multiple component model by Baddeley and Logie 1999. The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity by Cowan 2001.
The finding Working Memory can be structurally decomposed is supported by the studies
Visuo-spatial working memory by Logie 1995. Working memory: The multiple component model by Baddeley and Logie 1999. Fractionating the Central Executive by Baddeley 2002. An embedded-process model of working memory by Cowan 1999. Evolving conceptions of memory storage, selective attention, and their mutual constraints within the human information processing system by Cowan 1988. Attention and memory: An integrated framework by Cowan 1995.
The finding Mental representations of spatial knowledge are similar to maps is supported by the studies
refuted by the studies
The geometry of environmental knowledge by Montello 1992. Cognitive Maps, Cognitive Collages, and Spatial Mental Models by Tversky 1993.
The finding Spatial knowledge is hierarchically organized is supported by the studies
Distortions in judged spatial relations by Stevens and Coupe 1978. Cognitive Maps, Cognitive Collages, and Spatial Mental Models by Tversky 1993.
The finding Visual attention is governed by a scale resolution trade-off is supported by the studies
Attention improves or impairs visual performance by enhancing spatial resolution by Yeshurun and Carrasco 1998. Visual Mental Images in the Brain: Current Issues by Kosslyn and Shin 1994.
The finding Visual attention is realized by a subsystem is supported by the studies
Image and brain: The resolution of the imagery debate by Kosslyn 1994. Orienting Attention to Locations in Internal Representations by Griffin and Nobre 2003. Orienting Attention to Locations in Perceptual Versus Mental Representations by Nobre et al. 2004.
and refuted by the studies
The neural basis of top-down control of visual attention in prefrontal cortex by Miller 1998.
The finding Knowledge is either verbally or pictorially represented is supported by the studies
A dual coding approach to perception and cognition by Paivio 1978.
and refuted by the studies
What the mind's eye tells the mind's brain: A critique of mental imagery by Pylyshyn 1973. Analogue media versus tacit knowledge by Pylyshyn 1981.
The finding The existence of mental images cannot be decided is supported by the studies
Arguments concerning representations for mental imagery by Anderson 1978.
and refuted by the studies
Validating computational models: a critique of Anderson's indeterminancy of representation claim by Pylyshyn 1979.
The finding Diagrams can be built from mental images is supported by the studies
Imagery constraints on quantitative and qualitative aspects of mental synthesis by Barquero and Logie 1999. Sketching as mental imagery processing by Kavakli and Gero 2001.
The finding Diagrams can reduce memory load is supported by the studies
Mental animation: Inferring motion from static displays of mechanical systems by Hegarty 1992. Working memory: a mental space for design and discovery by Logie 2001.
The finding Diagrams can facilitate spatial reasoning is supported by the studies
Creative discovery in imagery and perception: Combining is relatively easy, restructuring takes a sketch by Verstijnen et al. 1998. Mental animation: Inferring motion from static displays of mechanical systems by Hegarty 1992. Imagery constraints on quantitative and qualitative aspects of mental synthesis by Barquero and Logie 1999. Sketching as mental imagery processing by Kavakli and Gero 2001.
The finding Spatial Knowledge is encoded in parietal cortical areas is supported by the studies
Two visual systems in mental imagery: dissociation of "what" and "where" in imagery disorders due to bilateral posterior cerebral lesions by Levine et al. 1985. Mapping of contralateral space in retinotopic coordinates by a parietal cortical area in humans by Sereno et al. 2001.
The finding Control of cognitive processes is exerted in a decentralized way is supported by the studies
Image and brain: The resolution of the imagery debate by Kosslyn 1994. Task switching and multitask performance by Pashler 1998. A parametric manipulation of central executive functioning by Garavan et al. 2000. Banishing the control homunculus by Monsell and Driver 2000. Progress in the Use of Interactive Models for Understanding Attention and Performance by Cohen and Huston 1994. Shifting Intentional Set : Exploring the Dynamic Control of Tasks by Allport et al.. Exorcizing the homunculus, phase two: Editors' introduction by Hommel et al. 2004. Anterior and posterior attentional control systems use different spatial reference frames: ERP evidence from covert tactile-spatial orienting by Eimer et al. 2003.
The finding Cognitive Control is Conscious is supported by the studies
refuted by the studies
Consciousness and Control in Task Switching by Meiran et al. 2002.
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